12/16/2023 0 Comments Lumen of small intestine function![]() ![]() The results showed that TGP alleviated immune hyperfunction by regulating the ratio of CD3 +, CD4 + and CD8 + in different lymphocyte synthesis sites of the small intestine, including Peyer’s patches (PPs), intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs), and lamina propria lymphocytes (LPLs). The purpose of this study was to investigate the regulatory effect and mechanism of TGP on intestinal immunity and epithelial barrier in RA model rats. Total glucosides of paeony (TGP) have been used clinically for the treatment of RA in China for decades, while the pharmacological mechanism is still uncertain. In recent years, many studies have shown that the dysregulation of intestinal mucosal immunity and the damage of the epithelial barrier are closely related to the occurrence of RA. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease characterized by synovial inflammation and joint damage with complex pathological mechanisms. 3Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China. ![]() 2Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, China.1School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.This sphincter is composed of skeletal muscle and is under voluntary control.Rui Xu 1,2 † Jine Peng 3 † Zhe Ma 1,2 Kaili Xie 1,2 Meijing Li 1,2 Qi Wang 1,2 Xiaomeng Guo 1,2 Nan Nan 1,2 Sihui Wang 1,2 Jing Li 1,2 Jingjing Xu 1,2 Muxin Gong 1,2* There is an external anal sphincter at the inferior end of the anal canal. This sphincter is under involuntary control. The smooth muscle layer is thick and forms the internal anal sphincter at the superior end of the anal canal. The mucosa of the rectum is folded to form longitudinal anal columns. The last 2 to 3 cm of the digestive tract is the anal canal, which continues from the rectum and opens to the outside at the anus. The rectum ends about 5 cm below the tip of the coccyx, at the beginning of the anal canal. It follows the curvature of the sacrum and is firmly attached to it by connective tissue. The rectum continues from the sigmoid colon to the anal canal and has a thick muscular layer. Functions of the large intestine include the absorption of water and electrolytes and the elimination of feces. Chemical digestion is completed in the small intestine before the chyme reaches the large intestine. Unlike the small intestine, the large intestine produces no digestive enzymes. Epiploic appendages, pieces of fat-filled connective tissue, are attached to the outer surface of the colon. Contraction of the teniae coli exerts pressure on the wall and creates a series of pouches, called haustra, along the colon. The longitudinal muscle is limited to three distinct bands, called teniae coli, that run the entire length of the colon. The longitudinal muscle layer, although present, is incomplete. The mucosa has a large number of goblet cells but does not have any villi. The wall of the large intestine has the same types of tissue that are found in other parts of the digestive tract but there are some distinguishing characteristics. The large intestine consists of the colon, rectum, and anal canal. It begins at the ileocecal junction, where the ileum enters the large intestine, and ends at the anus. The large intestine is larger in diameter than the small intestine. This is a direct reflex action, thus the greater the amount of chyme, the greater the secretion. This is largely a local reflex action in response to chemical and mechanical irritation from the chyme and in response to distention of the intestinal wall. The most important factor for regulating secretions in the small intestine is the presence of chyme. Endocrine cells secrete cholecystokinin and secretin. The absorptive surface area of the small intestine is increased by plicae circulares, villi, and microvilli.Įxocrine cells in the mucosa of the small intestine secrete mucus, peptidase, sucrase, maltase, lactase, lipase, and enterokinase. The small intestine follows the general structure of the digestive tract in that the wall has a mucosa with simple columnar epithelium, submucosa, smooth muscle with inner circular and outer longitudinal layers, and serosa. The small intestine is divided into the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are accessory organs of the digestive system that are closely associated with the small intestine. The small intestine finishes the process of digestion, absorbs the nutrients, and passes the residue on to the large intestine. The small intestine extends from the pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve, where it empties into the large intestine. Acknowledgements Small & Large Intestine Small Intestine ![]()
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